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Sometimes these challenges arrive individually, as in a sudden serious illness, an accident, or the death of a loved one. Sometimes 鈥� as in last fall鈥檚 devastating floods in North Carolina or the recent wildfires in Southern California 鈥� entire communities must find a way to move forward.

Resilience and 鈥渢ragic optimism鈥� are two psychological concepts that might help us navigate, and even thrive, in the face of adversity. Resilience is the capacity to recover from challenges and adversity. Tragic optimism is the determination to remain optimistic and find meaning and purpose in the face of tragedy.

The idea of resilience was first developed to explain why some children who grew up in disadvantaged environments or dysfunctional families thrive and succeed, while most others succumb to their crippling circumstances.

Psychologist Ann Masten says the personality traits that contribute to resilience have a genetic component. But she goes on to describe how environmental factors play an even more important role.

In her book "Ordinary Magic," she argues for an optimistic perspective on children's natural resilience and their ability to adapt to new experiences and challenging circumstances. She explores how resilience can be nurtured in families, schools and other social and community settings. And she provides guidance for supporting children facing adversity due to poverty, family circumstances or exposure to violence. She points out that many highly successful adults have come out of extremely challenging childhood environments. But somewhere along the way support was there to help see them through.

The concept of tragic optimism was developed by Austrian psychiatrist and Holocaust survivor Viktor Frankl. In his book "Man's Search for Meaning," he documents his observations in the concentration camp and concludes that it鈥檚 possible to survive, and even thrive, amidst tragedy and despair. The difference between those who succumbed and those who moved forward lies in a determined ability to maintain hope and find meaning, he says.

Frankel names three tragedies that everyone faces: pain, because we are made of flesh, blood and bone; guilt, because our freedom to make choices makes us feel responsible when things go badly; and loss, because we must face the reality that everything and everyone we cherish is fleeting, including our own lives.

Achieving tragic optimism depends on our determination to move forward, take action, set goals and make choices that are consistent with our aspirations and values. Another central strategy is to reflect on life and our place in it to derive a sense of significance and direction.

At the core of achieving this kind of optimism is navigating the paradox of accepting suffering as part of life while maintaining hope and a firm belief that life can continue to hold meaning and joy in the midst of tragedy and pain.

What are some of the strategies parents, teachers and other adults can use to promote resilience in children? First, provide strong emotional support and encourage social connections. This process begins with the establishment of a strong attachment between the child and caregivers. From there, we should teach children the importance of being part of a community.

Second, help them build self-esteem by providing appropriate praise and encouragement. And teach them the skill of delayed gratification to develop self-worth from achievement. Third, encourage children to express their emotions and develop the skills necessary to balance them.

As adults, we can maintain and further develop our resilience in a number of ways. Try to achieve a positive attitude, practice gratitude, and focus on your strengths and achievements rather than dwelling on failures. Studies have shown that people who display strong resilience have developed a positive mindset, emotional self-regulation and a strong sense of purpose.

Set realistic goals and learn from experience, recognizing successes and taking lessons from temporary failures.

Manifest your self-respect by prioritizing self-care. Eat well, exercise regularly and get enough sleep. It is also important to engage in activities that bring you joy and relaxation.

Some kind of religious, spiritual or mindfulness practice has been shown to be important. Prayer, meditation, yoga or simple relaxation techniques can help.

Cultivate and maintain social connections and healthy relationships. Strong relationships with family and friends, neighbors and colleagues are among the best predictors of the ability to cope with adversity when it comes.