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Trafficking cases can be complex, leading some jurisdictions to take shortcuts by arresting or disciplining the women for prostitution, which experts say is punishing the victims without solving the problem.

FBI data from local police departments show that only seven percent of human trafficking offenses led to arrests from 2021 to 2023 — 1,344 arrests for 19,225 reported offenses.

For years YunXi Wang felt helpless, shuffling from one illicit massage parlor to another, coerced into providing massages with so-called "happy endings."

One detective used an approach that experts now consider a model for tackling the exploitation of immigrant women trapped in the human trafficking trade.